文/Lily彭
世界公民Weekly每周都有「糾錯-debug」的單元,讀者覺得很實用。聞過則喜當然是學習最好的態度,今天我們來看看,就算是一個native English speaker,當到了美國總統,口才風靡全世界的人,還是會犯文法錯。美國總統說錯都無所謂,我們這些老外說錯幾個字有什麼了不起?
小布希當總統的時候,在總統任上講話屢屢出錯,各式樣的錯,成為全民茶餘飯後笑點。例如他談教育改革時這樣說:You teach a child to read, and he or her will be able to pass a literacy test (你教一個孩子讀書,他或者她將會通過語文的測驗)。he or she(他或她),本是美國人常用的顯示那女平等“政治正確”的常用片語,布希居然把主格的she錯說成了受格的her,如果參加語文測驗的話肯定通不過。She與her都是“她”,但用途有別。
歐巴馬總統演講很有煽動力,幾次在國會激情演講,全場〸幾次起立鼓掌。但是歐巴馬有時會犯與布希一樣的文法錯誤,主格、受格不分。美國International Herald Tribune(《國際先鋒報》)有一篇文章篇,題為Grammarians are different from you and I(“文法專家與你我不同”,注意,其中的I故意用錯了,應該是me才對),特意挑歐巴馬的錯。歐巴馬總統在講話中動不動就說“蜜雪兒和我”,比如This is a very personal decision for Michelle and I(“這是蜜雪兒和我的一個重要的私人決定”)。按照英語的文法規範,這個for Michelle and I的說法是錯誤的,因為I(我)是受格,應該是用me,而不是I。這與布希的he or her的錯誤類似,只不過布希把該用主格的位置用了受格,而歐巴馬則是把該用受格的位置用了主格。
在英文演進歷史上,for Michelle and I的說法曾經是對的。比如英國16世紀的大劇作家、堪稱語言大師的莎士比亞就在《威尼斯商人》這部戲中用過All debts are cleared between you and I(你我之間的債務全清了),可見那時I是可以作為受格使用的。直到19世紀中葉,英語受到了拉丁語的影響,me和I的作為受格區別才正式進入韋式大辭典,莎士比亞的between you and I 從現在的觀點看也成為錯句。
不過這樣的文法錯誤,歷任常常犯。回顧一下,小布希也喜歡說for Laura and I(蘿拉和我),柯林頓也說for Hillary and I(希拉蕊和我),只有老成的老布希總統才能夠正確地表達for Barbara and me(芭芭拉和我)。既然between you and I是錯誤的,為什麼至今還有這麼多人包括美國總統都會犯這個錯誤呢?《國際先鋒報》上說:美國人小時候牙牙學語都喜歡說Me want candy,常常被父母罵:不說I want candy,不給糖吃!久而久之,小孩子們心目中形成了成長記憶,說me是小孩子的語言,而I才是 “大人話”,這叫矯枉過正,hyper-correction。習慣一旦形成就很難改變,所以歐巴馬以及他的前任們才會把for xxx and I掛著嘴邊。
俄羅斯總理普丁英語流行語錄
美國總統的言語常常被拿來用放大鏡檢查,俄羅斯總理講英文,就沒這麼好挑剔了吧!普丁的英文裡有許多原創性 “佳句”,俗又有力,一經報導便成為俄羅斯老少婦孺紛紛引用的流行語。我們來看看都有哪些:
Good luck is for idiots, we were just working hard.
運氣是為白癡準備的,我們就是要努力工作。
Our job is not only to poke the holes in the ground.
我們的工作不是在地上挖洞。(被問到開採油田時的回應)
If a person likes everything, it means he is an idiot.
一個人要是什麼都喜歡,他肯定是白癡。
I was working like a slave on galleys.
我忙得和船上廚房裡的奴隸一樣。(這話形象而巧妙,一經說出就成為俄羅斯國內引用率極高的流行語。)
Do you want me to eat dirt from a flowerpot?
你想讓我把花盆裡的土都吃了嗎?(被問到能否做出保證的時候)
They pulled it out of their noses and rubbed it on paper.
他們把鼻孔裡挖出來的東西塗抹到紙上。(評論西方記者)
We'll follow terrorists everywhere. We will corner the bandits in the toilet and wipe them out.
我們跟蹤對恐怖分子,哪怕追到廁所裡,也要滅了他們。Window1001是一個特別為商業人士量身打造的on-line全英文改造計劃。Window 1001知道:(1)你很忙,但不會忙到一天連7分鐘也沒有;(2)你英文非好不可,可是過去背的英文都不實用。(3)你挑剔,只想要最對味的主題。Window 1001一天7分鐘on-line,改變你的英文,就能改變你的世界!享受MP3 download最精簡、實用、最有商業感性的英文。為自己打開一扇世界之窗:02-27215033(台北)、03-5721099(新竹)。Free trial請上網www.window1001.com。
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(本專欄每次介紹一個有趣的城市,讓你以英文暢遊全世界)文/Wendy周
22歲那年,帶著對時尚的狂熱與對世界的好奇,一個城市接著一個城市旅行,也開始了我的碩士生涯,舊金山、紐約、伊斯坦堡、羅馬、巴黎………destination在台北,希望和讀者分享我的世界地圖,每一個文化驚奇和語言衝擊!
冬天的溫暖在哪裡?
雪梨身處南半球,所以澳洲四季與北半球相反,澳洲每年的聖誕節正是澳洲夏天的正式開始,我決定一月飛去追尋冬天的溫暖。城市的樸實、城市人的笑容,訴說出世界的純、世界的真,少了紐約的rush、少了東京的packed,也許是陽光、也許是地大,造就這塊土地醞釀出世界的真善美。
William Shakespeare said “And this, our life, exempt from public haunt, finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in everything.”
Sydney, known for its diversity of activities, is the perfect vacation place for you, families, or couples. It is built around a beautiful natural harbor, with much of the foreshore being dedicated as National Park. On the shores of the harbor is the Taronga Zoo, which is known as “the zoo with a view”. You learn to appreciate the beauty of life, the beauty of land, the beauty of our world.
雪梨有宏偉的歌劇院Sydney Opera House、世界著名的海灘Bondi Beach、徹底遠離塵囂的淨土Blue Mountains,但你感受不到這城市的傲慢。陽光普照下,我在海港harbor邊享受著午餐,看著雪梨青少年們玩著滑板,漫步到national park裡探索,遇見一對從德國去玩的年邁夫妻,手牽著手坐在長椅上晒著太陽,跟我訴說著他們一起走過的歲月;走回harbor搭上ferry到Watson's Bay,我看見屬於當地人的悠閒,我感受世界的真也不過如此。學著雪梨人,我躍進海裡,瞬間的清涼似乎洗淨我這個都市心靈,那個下午,我感受了,我覺醒了,感受到大自然送給世界這個角落的美好。
I lay on the white sand of Bondi Beach feeling the “Aussie spirit” and observing the beach culture around me. Some people walk around in bikinis and board shorts, holding on their surfboards and ready to jump into the waves. Others lay flat in the sun, trying to get as tanned as possible. I breathe in the air. I smell the sun, I smell the relaxation, and I smell the happiness around me. Sydney, a city that opens up your appreciation to the world and remember not to take things around you for granted.
「澳客」式英文Australian slanglAussie : Australian 澳洲人。lG'Day : hello! 在澳洲最常聽到的招呼語。Example: G’Day mate! lMate : buddy, friend 朋友。Example: I’m going to go travelling with my mates. lAce! : Excellent! Very good! 好極了!Example: Ace! Let’s go celebrate your promotion! lBig Smoke : a big city, especially Sydney or Melbourne形容大城市。Example: New York is the Big Smoke in the States. lBloody : very 非常。Example: This food is bloody spicy. lBrekkie : breakfast 早餐。Example: I can’ believe this hotel price doesn’t include brekkie.lNo worries! : No problem; forget about it 沒關係。Example: A: I’m sorry I ruined your shirt. B: No worries! I can get it fixed easily. lHeaps : a lot 很多。Example: I’ve got heaps of ideas for our vacation. lHoly dooley! : an exclamation of surprise 表示驚訝之意。Example: Holy dooley! I won the lottery!
本文由世界公民文化中心提供,原刊載於周六工商時報-世界公民weekly。歡迎轉載,請註明出處。
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文/Lily
Leverage這個字意思很多人都知道,「槓桿作用」,lever是槓桿。在槓桿上施力就會產生力量,所以leverage的意義:the exertion of force by means of a lever. 它可以作名詞或動詞用,例如:As a result, HP has huge leverage over its Chinese suppliers.
但是我希望大家不要把leverage解成「槓桿作用」,因為把leverage解釋成「槓桿作用」的人,不太可能真正會用好leverage這個字。英文世界裡老外整天都leverage;但中文裡,你幾曾用過「槓桿作用」這個詞。
Leverage應解釋成利用。利用、利用,也就是「為利而用」或「為利所用」。或者更傳神的說法是「以小搏大」。華爾街是會leverage的專家,是不是以小搏大呢?華爾街的常用的一個詞語是Maximum Leverage(最充分利用到極點)。有一萬塊錢,可以去借來一百萬,把房屋證券化後,可以創造出證券保險和其它許多的衍生產品。或把兩個破公司合併一下,再包裝包裝,推到股市去。左Leverage,右Leverage,Leverage來,Leverage去,好多錢就賺到手了。
Leverage是一個具戰略意義的字眼,站在重要位置的人非用不可!以下兩句例句,請多讀幾遍:
1. In order to better position ourselves in the global market and to leverage against some of our main competitors, moving the production operation to China was necessary.
2. We decided we would leverage our connections in North America to try to bridge the gap.
*文章歡迎轉載,請註明出處。
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「世界公民文化中心」成立的時候,就設立了一個<英語生活公約>,每個來這裡學習的學員,還有他們的朋友都因著這些目標,讓自己的英語學習路程變得豐富有趣還有方向!分享給大家!
如果你也喜歡,歡迎一起加入我們的行列,每天給自己進步的元氣和前進的力量哦!
1. 我每天唸20分鐘英文,唸滿整整一年。2. 今年之內,決定為自己交一個外國朋友。3. 年底之前,完成一趟說英語的海外旅行。4. 選擇一本英文刊物,作為我的世界之窗。5. 加入或組織一個英語家庭,每週至少用一次英語思維。6. 用英文紀錄我的2010,記錄我的世界公民歷程。7. 傳播英語生活公約給我認識的每一個朋友,邀請他們成為世界公民。世界公民文化中心http://www.core-corner.com
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你和商業世界的接軌從哪一扇窗口開始?光讀全球各大新聞標題,你就可以學到最精到的商業英文和資訊。
Business Week
Headline: A Green Light for Car Dealers to Rip Off Buyers?
肥了車商,瘦了消費大眾? 美國政府為提振汽車業,想給汽車經銷商更寬鬆的財務規定,很多人擔心此舉到頭來吃虧的還是買方。
Green light許可,拍板
Green light綠燈,意思就是通行的意思。英文很簡單又親切。只要知道〸字路口綠燈可以通行的人,就一定記得住Get the green light (獲准)和 Give the green light(批准),這用法很口語,也有力,經常出現在媒體標題。
They have given the green light to the new project.「那個新計畫已拍板定案」。
Rip off 欺騙、敲竹槓
Rip off這個詞,在美國的談話中隨時可聽到,買東西、上餐廳吃飯,或是請人修東西,覺貴得離譜,就說“It’s a rip-off。rip-off在此標題當動詞,就是敲竹槓。
Mary: They‘ll change 5,000 bucks to repair the oven. 修理烤箱要5,000元。
John: It‘s a rip-off. 簡直是敲竹槓。 還想看更多內容!現在就訂閱電子報!
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明天(六)工商時報生活別冊英文館"世界公民weekly"精彩預告:豐田CEO得靠英文翻身、你會偷窺另一半的手機嗎?常用窺視英文一次告訴你!記得買份報紙來看!
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文/Chris(世界公民文化中心)
The one simple rule you need to know to have perfect texting etiquette.
在社交場合,你要去廁所多半會與身旁人打聲招呼說「Excuse me」,接手機呢?要不要也打招呼?有人發想一個新規矩,叫做”The Bathroom Rule”──手機的廁所規矩,不要弄錯了,不是在廁所講手機的規矩,而是指,講手機的時間不要超過上廁所時間!
“If you're in a situation where you'd excuse yourself to go to the bathroom, you should also excuse yourself before reaching for your phone. Otherwise, go ahead without asking. Either way, don't play with your phone longer than you'd stay in the bathroom.”
這段話寫得很口語,不妨大聲唸出來。打一通手機的時間應該和你上洗手間的時間差不多!同不同意呢?以上這則留言在美國知名網站Slate引起騷動,短短時間內,擠進三百條回應。想必是不少人受夠了身旁人的「手機虐待」。
“Most of us now carry cell phones that can do a lot more than make phone calls—we can send text messages, check our e-mail, surf the Web, and generally lose ourselves in the depths of a 3.5-inch screen. But look around you. Many people are pulling out their phones at inappropriate times. Spouses are texting during dinner, students are texting during class, and a lot of idiots are texting at the movies.” says Farhad Manjoo.
手機功能五花八門,打電話、發簡訊、收email、上網,它太方便了,方便到我們不知不覺中就迷失在3.5吋方寸螢幕之間。人們總在不該用它的時候用它:明明是夫妻共享晚餐時刻也發簡訊,學生上課也發簡訊,還有一堆白癡在看電影時也發簡訊。Slate編輯Farhad Manjoo說。
So what made The Bathroom Rule so much more universal than the rest? According to Slate's Farhad Manjoo, "The beauty of this rule is its flexibility." If you're at dinner with the in-laws, for example, it makes you think twice before pulling out your phone. If you're in a decidedly less formal situation, though, the rule provides a convenient barometer against which you can measure the rudeness of texting in front of others. Really, it's a remarkably simple rule that can be applied universally.
儘管不少人提出手機禮儀,但能像”The Bathroom Rule”這麼放諸四海皆準的規則不多。Farhad Manjoo說這規則的美感在於它太有彈性了。上廁所時間要多久,你可以自行判斷吧!打手機也是:和岳父大人共進晚餐,要不要掏出手機,請三思;輕鬆的場合,在別人面前發簡訊會不會干擾,”The Bathroom Rule”提供你一個方便的準則,自己可以判斷會不會失禮。
But not everyone agrees with this view. A counterargument to this is, what if everyone in the group thinks it’s ok? If two people ... think it's perfectly acceptable to pull out our phones in front of each other, who has a right to deny that?"
也有人回應說手機禮儀見人見智,搞不好對方根本不在乎。
Key points:
1.講手機、打手機,我們看到幾種不同的說法?
*Reach for your phone (伸手去拿手機,可能是接或打)
*Play with your phone (玩手機,雖然是打電話,但多半不是公事,play成份居多)
*Make phone calls (打電話,這個很正常,我們常用的)
*Pull out their phones (拔出手機,出現三次,可見很常用,把它也納入的口語字庫中吧)
2.Texting(n)
原型為 text,意思為「傳簡訊」。以往傳訊英文多半用send a message:傳一個訊息,但現在流行講text。text既可當名詞(簡訊),也可當動詞(傳簡訊)。「現在傳簡訊給我」的英語是Text me now簡單俐落。例:
John: Hi Mary, do you want to come to my birthday party?
Mary: Sure, but I don’t know your address. Can you text me the address?
Texting(n)指「傳簡訊這件事」,是名詞。
例:Chair: I suggest banning texting during meetings. 主席:我建議開會中禁用簡訊。
注意:「簡訊」的英文是text message,語音留言是voice message。例:
John: I called you yesterday, but you didn’t answer, so I gave you a message. Did you receive it?
Mary: What kind of message? A text message, or a voice message?
3.Etiquette- (n)禮儀vs. Manners-(n) 禮貌、修養
注意1:Manners跟 Etiquette都和禮儀有關,但差別在於manners大部分用來形容人的基本禮貌或素養,是主觀的;而etiquette只形容某件事該怎麼做,是客觀的。Manners可以用good/bad或其他合適的形容詞來描述,或用have/don’t have說明有或沒有禮貌。Etiquette則用來表達某個狀況的禮儀,所以不用have /don’t have.
例:What is the proper etiquette for weddings? John showed bad manners during the wedding.婚禮的基本禮儀為何?John在婚禮上舉止失態。
例:He spilled coffee on me, but didn’t even say sorry. He has no manners.他把咖啡灑在我身上,但連個道歉都沒有,真沒禮貌。(在這裡描述的是人,所以禮貌、修養意思都有。)
注意2:Manners原型就有”s”,恆作複數。Etiquette是可數名詞,能加”s”。
注意3:“Good manners” 意思為有修養、有禮貌,“Bad manners”意思相反。不過別把這裡的禮貌跟”polite”當成一樣的意思,因為polite是「客氣」的禮貌,指言語或一些動作上的狀態,而不是整體描述一個人該有的修養。
例:He is very polite 他很有禮貌。(客氣方面的禮貌,會說謝謝、對不起,看到人打招呼…之類。)
例:He has good manners 他很有禮貌。(修養方面的禮貌)
本系列文章定期刊於「工商時報」周六生活別冊英文館《世界公民weekly》專欄,歡迎轉載引用,請註明出處。您也可以點我訂閱英文學習電子報!
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文/Jessie湯
Accenture, the management consultancy, has dubbed him the third most influential voice among business leaders, after Bill Gates and Peter Drucker. He has also been described in the Financial Times as the "world's most famous futurologist". People's Daily classes him among the 50 foreigners that shaped modern China.
● 艾文.托佛是全球最具影響力人士之一,僅次於比爾.蓋茲與彼得.杜拉克。─Accenture管理顧問公司
●《Wealth 3.0》在德國、義大利熱銷,而在日本、印度和中國等地,托佛勒已等同先知。─英國《金融時報》
艾文.托佛勒(Alvin Toffler)是當今最具影響力的社會思想家,其妻海蒂.托佛勒與艾文結識於大學時代,也是一位著名的未來學者。兩人於1970年出版《未來的衝擊》(Future Shock),1980年出版《第三波》(The Third Wave),1990年出版《大未來》(Powershift)等「未來三部曲」,成為未來學巨擘,享譽全球,對當今社會思潮有廣泛且深遠的影響。2006年,他們再度推出新作《Wealth 3.0:托佛勒 財富革命》(Revolutionary Wealth),暢議「非貨幣財富」的觀念,扭轉了時下人們對於財富的思維。在他們的著作中,「財富」的定義被反覆討論:
As the Mexican author Gabriel Zaid has written, “Wealth is above all an accumulation of possibilities.” Certain forms of wealth are more or less universally regarded as “good”. Health. A strong and loving family. Respect from those we respect. Few would deny that these are wealth, even if they don’t easily fit into the calculations of economists.
In everyday usage, however, the term (wealth) usually refers, all too narrowly, to financial assets, and often carries a connotation of excess.
For some, wealth may mean having a bit more than their subjectively perceived need, whatever that is. For others no amount suffices. Among the poor, matters are less subjective. For the mother whose child is starving, a daily handful of rice may be wealth beyond measure. Whatever else it means, therefore, wealth, at least as used here, doesn’t just mean a second Ferrari.
Nor is wealth synonymous with money, as popular misconception might have it. ….. In fact, wealth can sometimes buy things money cannot. …In any case, wealth is the child of desire, which is yet another reason some people detest the very thought of it.
托佛勒夫婦指出,長久以來,人們只注意能看得見、可以計算、方便流通的「貨幣系統」(monetary system)對人類經濟的影響,而忽略了「非貨幣系統」的重要性。但事實上,我們常常身處「非貨幣系統」裡而不自知,因為舉凡免費的、自願性或者無償的工作,都可以算在「非貨幣系統」裡。舉例來說,我們在網路上免費下載音樂或程式軟體,或者利用公用網路傳輸資料、聯繫客戶等工作,這些免費的使用權(非貨幣財富),不知不覺中,讓我們省下了大量金錢(貨幣財富)。
在這個什麼東西都漲的年代,「免費」所代表的意義,不僅僅是不須付錢,其背後更代表了更是令人難以想像的財富和機會。試想,如果我們把每個人都擁有的隱性財富都換成實質的財富,財富的總額將會非常驚人;如果我們了解到「非貨幣系統」有著幾乎等同於「貨幣系統」的價值,並且能兼顧和利用兩者,勢必能創造出更大的財富價值,因此,「非貨幣系統」在未來將會受到越來越多的注意。
如何串連「貨幣系統」與「非貨幣系統」呢?托佛勒指出,「新財富系統」的誕生,「知識」將扮演重要地位。
Knowledge relationships are being transformed with respect to availability. As Toffler states, never before have we been able to instantly access virtually unlimited amounts of any kind of information for virtually zero cost.
「知識」具備不消耗、無衝突、密集化、易結合、易散播、可攜帶等特質,據托佛勒的說法是,可以引動一種比工業革命範圍更廣、影響更全面的「前所未有的強大財富系統」,伴隨這種新系統而來的,將是一種「新文明」,並且「在不久的未來將改寫我們的生活、企業與全世界」。 「新財富系統」中蘊含了創新的經營概念。其中,最被托佛勒看好的,就是所謂的「產消合一」(prosumers)。
托佛勒早在1980年就將「生產者」(producer)和「消費者」(consumer)兩個字合成為”prosumer”這個新字。The Tofflers explain that we are becoming a nation of “prosumers,” consuming what we ourselves produce, and argue that we have all taken on “third jobs”--work we unwittingly do without pay for some of the biggest corporations in the country. The unpaid work all of us do, even without knowing it, makes us “prosumers”.
在這種「產消合一」的概念下,企業可以將部分的生產活動轉嫁到消費者身上,衍伸出更靈活的營運模式;而消費者也可以從參與生產,得到更符合自己需求的商品與服務,甚至獲取利潤。譬如:數以萬計的部落格玩家,如今不僅消費媒體,也提供資訊;在自助餐廳裡,顧客既是消費者,也是服務自己的人;在提款機前,顧客不但是銀行客戶,也扮演著櫃員的角色。
托佛勒夫婦相信,未來始終多變,面對這些變化,與其怨嘆與恐懼,不如設法在亂局中為自己找到迎向未來財富的機會──這是兩位舉足輕重的未來學家,總是不斷重申的觀念。
(轉載本文請註明出處。)
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1. cakes and ale
例句: She fully enjoyed cakes and ale.
誤解: 她非常享受蛋糕和啤酒。
原意: 她盡享人生樂趣。
說明: cakes and ale 意為「人生樂事」。語出莎士比亞的「Twelfth Night」(.....because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale? 「你以為自己道德高尚,人家就不能尋歡作樂了嗎?」),毛姆有一本書就以「cakes and Ale」命名,中譯為「尋歡作樂」。
2. call
例句: He has no call to feel superior.
誤解: 他沒有打電話感覺比別人好。
原意: 他沒有理由覺自我感覺良好。
說明: 本例的 call(名詞),意為「必要」、「理由」作此解時多用於否定句和疑問句。
3. call one names
例句: My friend told me not to call him names.
誤解: 我朋友告訴我不要叫他的名字。
原意: 我朋友叫我不要罵他。
說明: call one names意為「辱?某人」,用於口語。值得注意的是,one一定要用受格,而不是所有格。
4. Cancer
例句: He is a Cancer.
誤解: 他是個癌症患者。
原意: 他是巨蟹座。
說明: Cancer(名詞),意為「星座為巨蟹座的人」。
5. cannot ... more
例句: Nolan cannot oppose that suggestion more.
誤解: 諾拉不能再反對那種建議。
原意: 諾拉百分之百反對那種建議。
說明: cannot ... more意為「百分之百地」、「完完全全地」。
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明天(六)工商時報英文館「世界公民weekly」的精彩內容有:托佛勒Wealth 3.0:下一波財富狂潮:
有人說他是全球最具影響力的人之一,僅次於比爾.蓋茲與彼得.杜拉克;他暢議「非貨幣財富」的觀念,扭轉了時下人們對於財富的思維。在閱讀報紙前您可以先上網觀看托佛勒獨到見解,試試自己英文聽懂了幾成:www.window1001.com
另外,這次還會討論到“Likes”這個排行第一的英文口語贅字,以及容易被誤解的英文俚語,例如這句:She fully enjoyed cakes and ale. 很多人以為是:她非常享受蛋糕和啤酒。實際上它的意思是:她盡享人生樂趣。
想看更多嗎?別忘了閱讀每個禮拜六在工商時報的「世界公民weekly」!
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你有沒有想過,你的英文,可以整整講一個小時!
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除了幫你把英文從點到線到面,連起來,
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Micro-credit Empowers the Un-empowered
文/Jessie湯
"Credit is a powerful weapon, and anyone possessing this weapon is certainly better equipped to maneuver the forces around him to his advantage."-- Muhammad Yunus
你認為借錢給窮人,很難如期拿回本金和利息嗎?穆罕默德尤努斯(Muhammad Yunus)在孟加拉籌措「鄉村銀行」(Grameen Bank),以微型貸款幫助當地的窮人脫離高利貸循環,靠自己力量成功翻身;高達98%的還款率徹底顛覆了過去認為窮人還不起錢的刻板印象。
「鄉村銀行」是世界「微型貸款」(micro-credit)機構的先驅,徹底改革了傳統銀行給予窮人信貸的方式。該銀行從創建於孟加拉(Bangladesh)的喬布拉村(Jobra)至今,已超過二〸個年頭,其商品與信貸模式已標準化,而為全球百餘國效法,成功扭轉了全球一億赤貧人口的命運。
發起這項善舉的尤努斯是孟加拉人,原本在美國接受教育,是一位美國大學的經濟學教授。1971年孟加拉獨立後,他與眾多海外的孟加拉公民一樣,為了重建飽受戰火摧殘的家園,決定辭職返鄉。
孟加拉一直都是窮國中的窮國(the poorest of the poor),隨處都可見到令人震驚的貧困景象。某日,尤努斯造訪貧瘠的喬布拉村(Jobra),看到年輕婦女蘇菲亞(Sufiya Begum)熟練的用竹片編凳子。蘇菲亞方年21,有3個小孩,全家靠她編竹凳過日。但她沒有錢買竹片,每編一隻凳子,必須借5塔卡(taka,孟加拉幣,約美元22分)買材料,而債主規定蘇菲亞只能把凳子賣給他,而且只能以5.5塔卡的固定價格出售。因此,蘇菲亞只能賺0.5塔卡,大概只有美元2分。如果蘇菲亞自己有5塔卡,不用向債主借,她大可以用較好的價格賣出自己的產品。
這個事實讓尤努斯非常震驚和難過,感嘆貧窮造成了違反人權的社會現象。他更發現單以喬布拉村就有42個這樣的例子,這42人一共借了856塔卡,大約是27美元而已!他在《窮人的銀行家-尤努斯打造無貧世界》(Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty)一書自序中感嘆地說:「The proximity of Jobra made it a perfect choice for my new course of study….Traditional universities had created an enormous distance between their students and the reality of everyday life in Bangladesh….When you hold the world in you palm and inspect it only from a bird’s eye view(鳥瞰/宏觀), you tend to become arrogant—you do not realize that things get blurred when seen from an enormous distance. I opted instead for “the worm’s eye view”(蟲視/微觀). I hoped that if I studied poverty at close range, I would understand it more keenly.」
註:Bird’s-eye view VS. Worm’s-eye view
鳥瞰(Bird’s-eye view),是像小鳥在高空飛翔的位置,向下俯瞰的角度,有一覽無遺的意思;而Worm’s Eye View,剛好和鳥瞰鏡頭相反,它是以蟲近乎貼在地面的位置,向上仰觀的角度,見樹不見林。這兩個相對的說法,其實就是宏觀和微觀。
尤努斯決定要為這些可憐人做些事,首先,他自掏腰包,把856塔卡借給這42個人,交代他們先還給債主,再盡量把產品賣得好價錢,游刃有餘的時候再把錢還給他。結果呢?你想這些窮人會不會還錢? In a short time, these 42 borrowers were able to repay the loans while continuing to support themselves and their families. With this initial eye-opening success, the seeds of the Grameen Bank, and the concept of micro-credit, were planted.
隨著幾次成功的經驗,貸款的人數日益增加,資金越來越龐大,尤努斯便開始與銀行接洽,希望由專責、專業的機構來處理相關事宜。只是,一開始大多數的銀行家都不認同,因為傳統銀行對於貸款給窮人非常保守,寧願服務高呆帳率的富人,卻不願借小錢給窮人,在尤努斯的極力奔走下,終於在1983年成立了「鄉村銀行」。
The idea behind the Grameen Bank is ingeniously simple: extend credit to poor people and they will help themselves. This concept strikes at the root of poverty by specifically targeting the poorest of the poor, providing small loans (usually less than $300) to those unable to obtain credit from traditional banks. At Grameen, loans are administered to groups of five people, with only two receiving their money up front. As soon as these two make a few regular payments, loans are gradually extended to the rest of the group. In this way, the program builds a sense of community as well as individual self-reliance.
「鄉村銀行」不收擔保品,呆帳率卻遠比一般金融機構低,直到1998年,「鄉村銀行」總共借出23億美元給2千3百萬戶家庭,還款率(loan repayment rate)高達98%。一般銀行的還款率幾乎都低於八成,在在證明了窮人的信貸價值。還款率為什麼這樣高?是因為居民的五人互助機制和純善本性的關係。尤努斯被譽為「窮人的銀行家」,榮獲2006年諾貝爾和平獎。
“I never imagined that my micro-lending program would be the basis for a nationwide ‘bank for the poor’ serving 2.5 million people or that it would be adapted in more than one hundred countries spanning five continents. I was only trying to relieve my guilt and satisfy my desire to be useful to a few starving human beings.”
尤努斯堅信,借貸是一項基本人權,Micro-credit has proved to be an important liberating force in societies。他所推動的除貧計畫正席捲全球,這個不可思議的偉大志業,證明社會責任與消弭貧窮可以是銀行生存的目標。
10 Indicators
每年「鄉村銀行」會評估該銀行受助者的社經情況是否獲得改善,評估方式是依照以下〸項準則來判定其貧困程度,如果受助者達到以下標準,就表示已脫離貧困了:
1.The family lives in a house worth at least Tk. 25,000 (twenty five thousand) or a house with a tin roof, and each member of the family is able to sleep on bed instead of on the floor.
2.Family members drink pure water of tube-wells, boiled water or water purified by using alum, arsenic-free, purifying tablets or pitcher filters.
3.All children in the family over six years of age are all going to school or finished primary school.
4.Minimum weekly loan installment of the borrower is Tk. 200 or more.
5.Family uses sanitary latrine.
6.Family members have adequate clothing for every day use, warm clothing for winter, such as shawls, sweaters, blankets, etc, and mosquito-nets to protect themselves from mosquitoes.
7.Family has sources of additional income, such as vegetable garden, fruit-bearing trees, etc, so that they are able to fall back on these sources of income when they need additional money.
8.The borrower maintains an average annual balance of Tk. 5,000 in her savings accounts.
9.Family experiences no difficulty in having three square meals a day throughout the year, i. e. no member of the family goes hungry any time of the year.
10.Family can take care of the health. If any member of the family falls ill, family can afford to take all necessary steps to seek adequate healthcare. (轉載本文請註明出處。)
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