英文的動詞verb是句子的靈魂,動詞好,英文就準;「片語動詞」好,英文就活!
「片語動詞」,英文叫做phrasal verbs,像"go on"、"get up"、"come with"等都是。用中文邏輯講英文的人,多半不太會用片語用。因為人腦運作機制是在記憶資料庫裡直接找對應的單字。例如:想到「說服」,一定先想到"persuade",而不是"talk into"。想到「責駡」,是想到reprimand或"reproach"而非"tell off",想到「弄熄」,是"extinguish",不是"put out"。
活用「片語動詞」,其實也沒有那麼難,入門只有一個原則:感覺它。怎麼感覺呢?「片語動詞」怎麼用?簡單地說,它代表一種瞬間發生的動作(不是狀態):開燈(turn on)、關燈(turn off)、起飛(take off)、想起(think of).....都是「片語動詞」。
比較這兩句,就可以發現,動作和狀態有何不同:
He shows the ability to adjust quickly to new situations. (show展現,是延續狀態)
I hope he shows up soon.(show up出現,是瞬間動作)
「片語動詞」當然不少,但請不要死背;切入「片語動詞」最好的方法是感覺它的節奏、聲音、動線:習慣它、說它、寫它、感覺它,最後才是分析它。
這〸句是你的「片語動詞」啟蒙,唸到連作夢都會說出它為止吧!1. We look forward to hearing from you soon. ( 我們期待很快聽到你的回覆。) 2. Please, carry on talking. I didn't mean to interrupt you.(請繼續談話,我不是故意打擾的) 3. I hope you two can work out your problems.(兩位好好解決你們的問題吧!) 4. She came up with a great proposal for the new advertising campaign. (她提出很棒的廣告計劃案) 5. Who is going to fill in while you're gone? (你請假時誰會是你的職務代理人?) 6. It's difficult to get humor across in a second language. (用第二語言還能幽默溝通,是件難事。) 7. I think we should go on with the meeting and stop wasting time. (我覺得我們應讓繼續開會,別再浪費時間) 8. We're sorry that we'll have to turn down your offer. (很抱歉我們必須拒絕貴方的報價) 9. Hurry up or you will fall behind! (快一點,否則要落後了。) 10. Would you mind running off 10 copies of this document for me? (你可不可以幫將這份文件影印10份?)熟到老外都覺得你英文好,加入量身訂做的1on1 program
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很多學生都說自己聽力有問題,但聽不懂的不是老美或英國人的標準英文,而是聽不懂印度人說英文。我們今天就來談談口音,國際化潮流下,熟悉不同的文化的說的各種不同口音,學英文的一大挑戰,其實也是趣味之一。我們把英美以外的國家的英語發音做了個分類,難易程度分為三大類: 第一類以澳洲、紐西蘭為代表,只要懂幾個不同的詞的口音就夠了,比如data在澳洲的發音“打他”,schedule發成”薛久”,其餘皆然。 第二類以馬來西亞新加坡為代表,對於新加坡英語發音,One,Two,Three,發音對應為標準的 One,True,Tree,走到哪裡都是這個發音。 而第三類以印度為代表的捲舌音派英語。據說有些英語還不錯的高科技工程師,有一次印度IT進行遠端技術支持,雙方在開始前先網路連線會議,一個IP位址,不超過12個數字,一講講了30分鐘始終對不上。 印度人英語口音重、速度快,停頓掌握不好,聽起來原本就吃力。再加上特殊發音效果,例如印度式英語發音的一個主要特點就是把標準英語中本應該把舌頭放在上下排牙齒間送氣的音th簡化為 t。而且印度人發的t的音,又接近d的音。所以印度人自己也拿這個發音特點開玩笑,當他們說“我30歲了”(I am thirty),聽上去就是“我有點髒”(I am dirty),因為 thirty(三〸)的發音和 dirty(骯髒)混淆了。印度英語已經是英語大家族最重要的成員。早在15世紀英語就隨著英國商人進入了印度,到現在保留了許多現代英語已經很少使用的詞彙。印度人的信裡常有讀起來很文言的句子:Please intimate…(請告知…),或者 You will be intimated shortly(不久你們就會被告知),同樣的意思,美國人就直截了當寫:Please let us know 和 You will be informed shortly。因為印度人口遠超過英國人口,以至於已故英國著名作家Malcolm Muggeridge曾經開玩笑:“世界上最後一個英國人說不定是印度人”(The last Englishman would be an Indian)。 印度英文還有一個特色,就是印度人最愛用現在進行時,比如 l I am understanding it (我明白)l She is knowing the answer(她知道答案)。印度朋友還喜歡極樂觀的說法: l Your good name please?(你叫什麼名字?)問人家歲數的時候可以用這樣委婉的說法:l What’s your good number? 甚至可以問:When is your happy birthday?(什麼時候生日快樂?) 印度英語對台灣來說也不盡是難題,有些文法很接近中文。比如說回答這樣的問句:He is a student, isn't he(他不是個學生吧)? 如果他是學生,中文的習慣是回答“不,他是”,但英語的回答卻要根據事實本身:Yes,he is。如果他不是學生,中文的回答是:“對,他不是”,而英語的回答則應該是:No, he isn’t。而印度英語在這種情況下的回答恰與中文相似,第一種情況回答:No,he is;第二種情況回答:Yes,he isn’t。更妙的是“開”和“關”的用法,在英語中說“開冷氣”、“關冷氣”很麻煩,要說Turn on the air conditioner, Switch off the air conditioner。而印度英語就像中文一樣可以用Open(開)、Close(關)。以下幫各位整理出印度英語發音規律,多唸兩遍,就抓住發音和聽力訣竅了。 WA DIM=What time I D LIG DO CHANGE DE GALA=I’d like to change the color 關鍵點: n P發B n T發D n K發Gn R發L n AI發成I (Client cli/ai/ent變成了cli/i/ent.)本文同步刊於99/7/3工商時報"世界公民weekly"。
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8O年代電影華爾街的主角戈登蓋柯──股市惡勢力的代表,現在有新口號,貪婪不只是美德,它合法,而且無所不在。
Gordon Gekko, the archetypal villain of iconic 1980s movie “Wall Street” has a new mantra: greed is not just good, it's legal and it's everywhere.
《Wall Street》是奧利佛史東1987年導的電影,經典台詞是"Greed is Good"(貪婪真好),這句話定義了80年代金融的黃金年代。《華爾街:金錢萬歲》捲土重來,二〸三年後,從"Greed is Good"變成"Greed is Legal"(貪婪是合法的)。
Oliver Stone’s 1987 film Wall Street helped define the go-go ‘80s; a time when corporate raiders made money hand over fist and the financial boys club members pushed hard to beat each other to make the biggest deals.
In Stone’s newest film, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps, the director returns to the realm of high finance. In the past 13 years the world has changed. Gordon Gekko, who famously said “greed is good,” is just getting out of jail with a gigantic cell phone and no one to meet him. Shia LaBeouf plays Jake, an idealistic banker who plans to marry Gekko’s daughter and falls under the spell of the former financier.
奧利佛史東1987年的電影《華爾街》呈現當時野心企業家賺錢又快又多;爾虞我詐總想做最大的。最近上映的《華爾街:金錢萬歲》史東重返金融界。〸三年來世界已經變了。上一集《華爾街》裡大喊“貪婪是美德”(greed is good)這句名言的戈登蓋柯出獄了,他手上拿著笨重手機,沒人理會。年輕的理想主義銀行家傑克想與蓋柯的女兒結婚,不小心落入蓋柯陷阱。
Forbes talked to Stone about how the first Wall Street movie changed the way people think about finance, understanding the recent meltdown and how Gekko still fits in.
二〸年前電影《華爾街》是如何改變人們對於金融市場印象,在新一波金融金融風暴中,蓋柯如何還找得到他的角色,以下是富比士雜誌採訪節錄:
l Forbes: How do you think the first Wall Street movie influenced the way people think about Wall Street? 你覺得《華爾街》電影如何改變了人們對於華爾街金融市場的認識?
Stone: I don’t think Wall Street was on people’s radar screens as much as it is now. In 1987 there wasn’t much business coverage. It was the last thing people paid attention to. The movie gave birth to a culture where millionaires are celebrated on magazine covers and the 24-hour news cycle includes CNBC.
我不認為當時候人們像現在這樣瞭解華爾街。那個年代沒那麼多商業報導,金融是人們最不關心的東西。《華爾街》孕育了這樣一種文化氛圍——富豪出現在雜誌封面,CNBC開始24小時輪播新聞。
l Do the changes in Gordon Gekko reflect the changes that have taken place on Wall Street? 在戈登蓋柯身上發生的變化,是否反映了華爾街的變化?
I don’t think so. He was an inside trader in 1987 and he violated the law. Most people on Wall Street don’t break the law. He was a raider, he was willing to invest huge amounts of money and take risks. Now he’s on the other side of the tracks which is more interesting. He’s on the outside looking in.
The banks are now what Gekko was in the first movie. He was playing a bold game with a lot of leverage. That went out of style and was replaced by hedge funds taking big risks. But in 2000 the banks became like the hedge funds and started taking far bigger risks and using far more leverage.
Gekko was running a small-time scam. Now in 2008 the Gekko world is central to the economy because the bank gangsters took over. The most descriptive line Gekko says is that now, ‘greed is legal.’
不是。第一集他是個內幕交易者,犯了法,坐了牢。華爾街多數人不犯法。蓋柯是個掠奪者,他大胆下注也承擔風險。在新片裡,他的身份變了,是一個窺視這一切的局外人。銀行變成蓋柯當時的角色,那時蓋柯靠融資操作股市。時代變了,取而代之的高風險的對沖基金;到了2000年,銀行業就跟對沖基金一樣,承受更大的風險並使用更誇張的債務槓桿。
蓋柯以前搞的是小打小鬧的騙局。而到了2008年,蓋柯的華爾街變成經濟市場主角,因為銀行“黑幫”接管了這一切。現在蓋柯最貼切的台詞是,“貪婪是合法的”(greed is legal)。
關鍵1: the go go 80s:
go-go的意思很多,有活力充沛、搖擺、時髦的意思,也有買空賣空、投機性的等意思。
Go-go Years的釋義在很多字典上都有,牛津字典上的解釋是——(AmE, informal) of a period of time when businesses are growing and people are making money fast: the go-go years of the 1980s。意思是企業成長快、人們賺錢多,經濟繁榮的時代。
關鍵2: Hand over fist
非常快速地。Fist是握緊的拳頭。Hand over fist來自帆船航運的年代。當年水手得學會攀援繩索去擺弄高高掛在桅杆上的船帆。他們兩手交替,一手放在另一隻緊抓繩索的拳頭上方一把一把往上攀援,像猿猴一般迅速俐落。The corner shop is open fifteen hours a day. The owner must be making money hand over fist. 轉角那家店一天營業〸五小時,業主賺錢一定賺很多錢。
關鍵3: Financial meltdown
金融風暴。這個詞是2009年最流行的詞彙,它是2009年美國新聞10大熱詞中的第二名,僅次於"ObamaVision"(歐巴馬遠見)。當然了,用financial crisis也可以,但如果提08年全球性金融風暴時用financial meltdown更有感受到一種時代感。
關鍵 4:The last thing
最不願意的事;最不適宜的事;最不可能的事;最意想不到的事。這用法不難,但它和我們口語習慣不同,大部份Chinese都不會這麼用。
例句:A strong dollar is the last thing the US economy needs right now.眼下美國經濟最不需要的就是強勢美元。 It's the last thing I would do in the world! 我絕對不會這樣做。
(本文同步刊於99/10/2工商時報”世界公民weekly”。歡迎訂閱”世界公民weekly”電子報:請點此訂閱。)
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這10個形容詞是美國人日常生活中最喜歡使用的,而且都是好話:
1. amazing: 使人〸分驚奇的;令人驚訝的
Your English is amazing. 你的英語太讓人吃驚了。
2. awesome: 極好的;很棒的
Wow! That's totally awesome!哇!那真是太棒了!
3. cool: 好;妙;酷
You look cool in your new suit. 你穿這套新衣服真酷。
4. cute: 漂亮的;可愛的;帥
He's really cute. 他真可愛。
5. excellent: 優秀的;傑出的
Our teacher speaks excellent English. 我們老師的英語說得好極了。
6. fabulous: 極好的;絕妙的
A: How do you like the show? 你覺得這場表演如何? B: Fabulous! 好極了!
7. fantastic: 極好的;了不起的
You've got the job? Fantastic! 你得到那份工作了?太好了!
8. marvelous: 極好的;非凡的
That's a marvelous idea! 這主意真是棒極了。
9. special: 特別的;不尋常的
You know, you are really special! 你知道嗎,你真的很特別。
10. wonderful: 精彩的;絕妙的;令人驚奇的
She has a wonderful memory. 她的記憶力驚人
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大家都知道sell就是"賣、出售"的意思,人們可以出售貨物,也可以向別人兜售某種理念或者想法。今天看幾個和sell這個詞的習慣用語。熟悉字的第二個、第三個意思,你的英文聽起來就會很自然,一點也沒有中式英文的味道。
hard sell 強迫推銷
I wanted a cheap car without a lot of extras. But the salesman gave me a hard sell so I ended up with stuff I didn't need, like leather seats, a sun roof and a lot of other things.
我本來只想買一輛沒什麼額外設備的廉價車,可那個推銷員硬是讓我買下了皮座椅、天窗之類那些並不必需的設備。
sell a bill of goods 以花言巧語騙取信任
My opponent is selling you a bill of goods when he promises to spend more on schools and cut taxes too. You ask him how he can spend more money without raising taxes!
我的對手既保證要給學校多經費,又答應減稅,其實這兩者不可兼得。他怎麼可能做到既多花錢又不加稅呢?
A bill of goods意思是進貨單。注意,這只是開列貨品的單子,不是實物。如果有人要你出錢買的只是貨單,他很可能在行騙。
sell somebody short 小看某人
Don't sell that man short. He's one of the smartest lawyers in town. You'd be wise to hire him if you're in trouble - he seldom loses a case.
可別小看了這個人。他是城裏最能幹的律師之一。你要有麻煩找他才對,他從沒輸過一場官司。
意思很像中文"把人瞧扁了",也就是沒看到某人的長處。所以sell someone short意思就是"小看某人。"
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Flight attendant a Hero
空服員發飆變成勞工英雄
文/Chris G
Slater, a flight attendant on JetBlue, instantly became a folk hero in many people’s eyes Monday after he grabbed a microphone and ranted at a passenger who had refused to apologize for hitting Slater with some luggage. Slater then grabbed a beer from the galley and fled the plane via the emergency exit.
一名乘客的行李箱打到JetBlue航空空服員的Slater,卻不肯道歉。Slater隨即拿起麥克風對那位乘客開罵,接著從走廊拿了一罐啤酒,從逃生口閃人。這舉動在眾人眼中立刻成了英雄。
“How many of us can honestly say we haven’t wanted to do the same thing? Slater is a working class hero!” one reader, Aaron Steele, commented on msnbc.com.
「多少人敢承認我們從來沒有想過做一模一樣的事? Slater是我們勞工階級的英雄!」一位讀者Aaron Steele回應。
“Maybe not the best way to quit your job but hey, sometimes enough is enough,” said another, usa1967.
「或許這不是最好的辭職方式,不過有時候真的是夠了!」 另一位usa1967說。
Some may see Slater as a hero because they know they don’t have the luxury to speak out like that in their own lives. While Slater may have felt great after finally letting loose in such a public way, the fact is that most of us need our jobs more than we need that release. And most of us realize that such a dramatic move can carry heavy consequences, such as the felony charges that Slater is currently facing.
有些人視Slater為英雄,因為他們沒辦法那樣發洩。雖然他在公開場合放縱情緒很過癮,不過多數人不會這麼做,因為飯碗還是重要,而不是發洩完,工作也跟著沒了。而且人們也知道這樣的行為得付出代價,例如Slate之後將面臨重罪指控。
That’s especially true these days, with the unemployment rate hovering at 9.5 percent, nearly 15 million Americans looking for work, and many who are working being asked to do more work for the same or even less money.
尤其現在失業率達9.5%,近15萬美國人找不到工作,很多員工必須得做更多事,卻領相同甚至更少的錢。
“It’s about time workers start to flip out!” wrote one reader, Jimi-2167680.
「員工本來就該發飆了!」讀者Jimi2167680說。
It’s about time-
這句有兩個意思,第一個比較常見:「差不多時候了」。描述某件事情的過程或行程差不多該開始、結束、進行下個階段之類,用來表達個人判斷與想法。
例1:The meeting started at 10am. It’s already 2pm now, it’s about time we finish this meeting. 會議10點就開始了…現在已經兩點…我們差不多該結束這個會議了吧?
例2:I have been working here for over 10 years. I have contributed my time and energy to this company. I believe it’s about time the company considers me for a promotion. 我在這間公司超過10年了,付出了我所有的時間和精神,我相信公司該差不多考慮晉升這件事了吧。
第二個意思較無法直翻,不過要是能理解背景就簡單多了。會用到這句的情況是想表達「一件事應該早就該發生卻到現在才實現」,所以帶著一些「終於」、「這樣才對嘛」的感覺在裡面,有時還有一些諷刺味,不過要看情況再加上說者的語氣才能意會到。
例1:John: Hi Mary, about the money I borrowed from you, I will return it to you tonight. 嗨Mary,關於跟你借的那筆錢,我今晚會還給你。
Mary: It’s about time! I lent that to you two years ago! 終於!那筆可是我兩年前借給你的!
例2:Peter: I’ve had it with my colleague. I am going to confront him tomorrow and talk to him. 我受夠我同事了。我明天要好好的面對他,跟他談。 Vivian: It’s about time you confronted him. He’s been bullying you for a long time. 終於要面對他了!(這樣才對麻/早就該這麼做了)他已經欺負你很久了。
注意:在文字上,有一個很好分辨是第二個意思的方法,那就是,因為這是一種久違的語氣,所以通常會用驚嘆號,例如文章裡的那句:It’s about time workers start to flip out!
Seen it a million times –
英文裡,什麼事發生過很多次,不用「N次」或「幾百次」,反而用實際的數字來形容。不過,有趣的是,沒有規定一定要用a million這個數字,a thousand, a hundred, 也都很常用。不過要注意的是,雖然沒有規定用什麼數字,不過大部分還是用整數。另外,以one hundred為底限。”V+ amount + times”
例:John: Are you sure this is safe? I have never bungee jumped before. 你確定這個安全嗎?我從來沒有高空彈跳過耶。
Mike: Don’t worry! I’ve done this a thousand times. It’s very safe! 放心!我跳過N百次了。很安全的!
Let loose-
有兩個意思。第一個是「釋放、放縱」,不過大部分是描述發出的聲音,例如嘆氣。
例:After she was told she didn’t get the job position, she let loose a big sigh. 當被告知她應徵的工作沒被錄取,她嘆了一大口氣。
第二個意思跟「發洩」很相似,不過不一樣的是,在中文裡,發洩可以用來描述任何狀況,不只是語言上,也可以是行為上。但let loose特定描述一個人被逼到極限了,忍無可忍了,終於發飆,大罵一場,來當作發洩。請注意。
例:John’s wife constantly scolds him for every little thing he does wrong. After years of this, one night he finally had enough and let loose.
John的太太對他做錯的任何一件事不管大小都在嘮叨及挑剔。這種情況持續好幾年,某天晚上他終於受夠了,對他太太發飆。(本文同步刊於99/8/21工商時報”世界公民weekly”)
熟到老外都覺得你英文好,加入量身訂做的1on1 program
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快來看明天10/2(六)工商時報裡 "世界公民weekly" 精彩預告:華爾街新口號: Greed is legal,當貪婪變成合法
八O年代電影華爾街的主角戈登蓋柯──股市惡勢力的代表,現在有新口號,貪婪不只是美德,它合法,而且無所不在。二〸年前電影《華爾街》是如何改變人們對於金融市場印象?在新一波金融金融風暴中,蓋柯如何還找得到他的角色?熟悉字的第二個意思:sell不是賣
大家都知道sell就是“賣、出售”的意思,人們可以出售貨物,也可以向別人兜售某種理念或者想法。這次來看幾個和sell這個詞的習慣用語。Debug:
這些句子很彆扭,都是直接中翻英講出來的英文,你會不會也講出類似的英文呢?歡迎訂閱世界公民weekly電子報:點此訂閱
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英文第一課裡就學到stand up這個字了吧。然後根深蒂固就一直以為stand只能夠當站, stand這個詞意思很多的,今天我們來看看其中幾個比較常用的表達。熟悉它的第二個、第三個意思,你的英文聽起來就會很自然,不像翻譯式的英文。一起來讀stand這個字的延伸意思。1. stand-out 才華出眾的人這兒在stand和out之間有一個短線。Stand-out當名詞用,它和形容詞outstanding意義相關連。outstanding是"傑出的",stand-out指才華出眾的人了。例如:I admit Wendy is a good researcher, but nobody would call her a stand-out right now. She was so eager to get a promotion that she faked some of the results in her last research report and now she's a laughing stock among her colleagues.我承認溫蒂是一個好的研究員,但是現在還稱不上是最頂尖的。她這麼急著想攀升職位,在上一次的研究報告裡成果中做假,反而成了同事們當中成了一個笑柄。2. stand the heat 吃苦耐勞、經得起批評和種種考驗Stand在這裡意思為"忍受"。Stand the heat來自這樣一句成語: If you can't stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen. 這句話意思就是:怕熱不要進廚房。意思就是,如果你吃不起苦就別幹那一行。例如:The mayor is always complaining about the way the press treats him. He asked for the job, though, didn't he? What I say is, if he can't stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen.市長老是抱怨媒體對他的態度,可不是他自己要當市長的嗎?我的意思是,要是受不了批評,就別坐這個位子。3. stand somebody up 放鴿子、爽約stand somebody up表面上是讓某人站著,意思就是"放某人鴿子,失約"等意思。例如:I had a date with Lisa at the movies last Saturday but she never showed up. She said her car broke down, but I think she's lying - I'm afraid she stood me up for some other guy.我和Lisa約好上星期六去看電影,但是她根本沒來。她說她的車拋錨了,但是我覺得她在撒謊,恐怕是為了跟別人約會而放我鴿子。4. stand pat 打定主意,不換牌Pat是打撲克拿到的一手好牌。Stand pat是玩撲克的時候輪到你補牌,但是你有一手pat(手上牌很好),你拿定主意不補牌,你就說,stand pat,不補。後來stand pat被用來表示堅定不移、決不改變主意。甚至也可以延伸為固持己見,互不相讓。The President and the Congress stand pat 總統和國會各執己見,處於膠著狀態其他stand相關的片語還有stand by 支持﹕I will stand by you no matter what they say you did.(不管別人怎麼說你,我都很支持你);Stand off 的意思是和別人保持距離,態度冷漠,形容詞是 standoffish,例如﹕He has standoffish manners(他的舉止冷漠)。是一個特別為商業人士量身打造的on-line全英文改造計劃。我們知道(1)你很忙,但不會忙到一天連7分鐘也沒有;(2)你英文非好不可,可過去背的英文都不實用。(3)你挑剔,只想要最對味的主題。改變你的英文,就能改變你的世界!試聽請上網www.window1001.com。
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文/Jessie湯
"There isn't anything about the process of innovation per se, that makes it unpredictable." – Clayton Christensen管理學之父彼得.杜拉克(Peter Drucker)說:「不創新,就等死!」(innovate or die!),而美國哈佛商學院教授克雷頓.克里斯汀生(Clayton Christensen)則提出更進一步的說法,認為企業光是「創新」還不夠,必須發動以「夠好」(good enough)為核心精神的「破壞性創新」(disruptive innovation),才能確保企業永續生存。克里斯汀生也因為這項「破壞性」的創見,被譽為「當代最具影響力的創新大師」。克里斯汀生是在1997年出版《創新者的兩難》(The Innovator’s Dilemma)一書時,提出「破壞性創新」理論,其基本定義如下:Disruptive innovation describes a process by which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then relentlessly moves “up market”, eventually displacing established competitors.An innovation that is disruptive allows a whole new population of consumers access to a product or service that was historically only accessible to consumers with a lot of money or a lot of skill. 克里斯汀生在接受記者訪問時,做了如下更清楚的解釋:“A disruptive innovation brings to market a product not as good as the products in the current market, and so it cannot be sold to the mainstream customers. But it is simple and it is more affordable. It takes root in an undemanding portion of the market, then improves from that simple beginning to intercept with the needs of customers in the mainstream later.”“I call that a disruptive innovation not because it's a breakthrough from a technological sense, but instead of sustaining the trajectory of improvement that has been established in a market, it disrupts it and redefines it by bringing to the market something that is simpler.”“Internet telephony--the packet-switching technology developed by Cisco and others--wasn't good enough to be used in the voice telecommunications market, so it took root in a less demanding application, data transmission. Little by little, it got better and better and now you can send a voice signal over the Internet. That's a good example of a disruptive innovation.” 克里斯汀生指出,過去企業習慣在原有產品的發展下,維持「漸進式」(Incremental)的創新(讓產品不斷改善及更新),或者是「激進式」(Radical)的創新(發展不同的技術),不論「漸進式」或「激進式」創新,目的都是在改善既有產品的性能,因此統稱為「延續性創新」(sustaining innovation),「延續性創新」自然而然地會驅使企業逐步往高階市場發展。Because companies tend to innovate faster than their customers’ lives change, most organizations eventually end up producing products or services that are too good, too expensive, and too inconvenient for many customers. By only pursuing “sustaining innovations” that perpetuate what has historically helped them succeed, companies unwittingly open the door to “disruptive innovations”.反觀許多沒有大資本、高階技術和「成功包袱」的小企業,就比較有機會和意願,推出「比既有產品更差」或「只比沒有好一點」的產品,許多「破壞性創新」的成果因而冒出頭來,包括:網路電話skype、電子閱讀機Kindle、世界最大的B2B網站阿里巴巴、華碩電腦首掀的小筆電創舉Eee PC、在中國掀起風潮的山寨機、低價聞名的印度塔塔汽車,以及全球發燒的社群網站Facebook。毫無疑問地,「破壞性創新」改變了企業之間的競爭模式,強者不見得更強,新進者也不見得永遠處於弱勢。隨著市場汰舊換新速度加快、企業之間競爭激烈,克里斯汀生的理論益發獲得各產業領導者的重視,不斷思考,要怎樣才能催生出「破壞式創新」的產品或服務?克里斯汀生認為,要產生「破壞式創新」,必須從客戶的生活情境去思考,推出符合客戶使用情境的產品,以增加產品推出的成功率。畢竟,「A customer will never lead you to develop a product which that customer cannot use.」他說。但是,他也發現,許多頂尖的企業無時無刻不保持警覺,專心聆聽客戶的聲音,積極地投資新科技來滿足客戶需要,但是在面對科技與市場結構的變遷時,仍喪失了既有的領導地位,其原因就在於它們把所有的投資與科技都集中在開發現有重要客戶最需要、可以創造最大利潤的產品上,許多能決定企業存續的「突破性科技」(disruptive technology),則因遭到這些主流客戶的排斥而放棄。“If you're looking to start a new-growth business, very often, the most important customers to understand are non-customers. Because if you figure out why it is they're not customers, and then bring an innovation that allows them now to become customers, that's what growth comes from.”這就是創新的兩難-貼近主流客戶的需求對現在的成功非常重要,但是長期的成長與獲利卻是依靠另一種完全不同的經營模式。因此,管理者為了要創造出這個新的事業模式,必須發展另外一個不同的組織,讓這個組織專心進行「破壞」。“If the organization or the business unit charged with serving the installed base is also asked to go after non-customers with the more affordable, simpler product, they can't do it. Because the business models are so different, and small customers with the lower priced product -- it's not an attractive financial -- it doesn't solve the financial goals of an established business unit. Almost always, this new game begins before the old game ends. If you somehow create a strong economic incentive for the management of the existing business unit to go after the new disruptive opportunity, you take your eye off the main profit and cash engine of the company, and you stumble very quickly. And yet, while that is still going, you've got to get your foothold in the new market. And that's why it's just really important to set up a separate unit.”(本文同步刊於99/9/25工商時報)“紐約時報俱樂部團體課程”要教你讀紐約時報,讀到它的information成為你的knowledge,讀到它professional的英文從你的口中自然說出來,讀到它的style成為你的style。現在就點此報名甄選。
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小編悄悄話:這些表達一般在教科書中不容易見到,而卻又是老美日常生活中最鮮活的語言喔。1、我請客:覺得我們常用pay這個詞,如Let me pay it for you。在電影裡常聽到的說法是:I am buying;This is on me;This is all my bill。
2、向前看!:我們會說Look forward!而美語裡有個更貼切的說法是Eyes front!眼睛朝前,是不是很生動?
3、頭等大事:你會怎麼說呢?The most important thing嗎?看這個吧“It's on the top of my list”。
4、停電:No electricity?其實提到“電”,老外更多是用power,停電就可以是There is a power failure或Power goes out。
5、我不是傻子!:I am not a fool?對,語法完全正確。但再看這個I am no fool。比上面的只少兩個字母,但是不是感覺不一樣?同樣的道理,我們常說I have no idea,而不常說I don’t have any idea。
6、short hairs:是“短頭髮”嗎?它就是我們說的“小辮子”!
7、收買某人:有個比較正式的詞叫bribe,名詞時為“賄賂”的意思,動詞時就有“收買”之意。既然提到了“買”,那麼我們能不能用上buy呢?當然,那就是buy sb off。
8、She knew red was her color。“她知道紅色是她的顏色”?恰當的翻譯是:她知道自己和紅色很相配。Then, what's your color?
9、看在主的份上,你就……:兩種說法,其一是For the love of God,另外For God's sake(sake的意思是緣故、關係)二者之中,後者更常用。 熟到老外都覺得你英文好,現在就加入量身訂做的1on1 program!
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(小編悄悄話:這篇同步刊於9/25週六工商時報”世界公民weekly”。每次閱讀一個有趣的城市,讓你以英文暢遊全世界!)
C’est la vie-- Nice
啊,尼斯,這就是人生!文/Wendy周
The city that freed me. The city that freed my soul. A place that after you set foot in, you’ll feel freed from yourself. Freed from the restrictions in the world. Freed from all. In this southern French city, I see people that come from all over the world. Different colors, different cultures, different backgrounds. All come for the purpose of true relaxation. To drink in the beauty of this city. Artists come to seek inspiration. Families come for relaxation. People come for the inspiration of life.
走在蔚藍海岸,它的藍、它自由的空氣,喚醒我渴望自由的心靈。我可以看見Henri Matisse在此感受到靈感,他形容尼斯是乾淨、澄澈、精緻、明淨的;尼斯的天氣、尼斯的蔚藍海岸、尼斯的陽光促成了他的創作。在這裡,混合著地中海的熱情,我的靈魂不由自主的被它帶進異國澎湃。位於南法的這片土地有著獨有的魔力,無論是古老的舊城區、香味四溢的蔬果市集、佈滿粗獷小石頭的海灘、路旁叫賣的攤販,每個角落都在訴說自己的故事。
I walked to the beach. I’ve always loved people watching at the beach. Because you see life, you see people, you see culture. And you get to feel the immensity of the sea. At the beach, by the bonfire, there were people juggling, people laughing, it’s like a big carnival within itself. I was having the fun of my life. I just wanted to shout out, “C’est la vie.” My soul is awakened.
C’est la vie :這是一句法語,是連老美都愛用的法語。相當於英文裡This is life的這就是人生。法國人的生活節奏慢,喜歡享受人生,每當法國人享受生活的時候就會說C'est la vie,已經成為他們的口頭語了。注意發音:大致是se-la-VEE。延伸的用法:這就是人生,也可以用在感嘆莫可奈何的時候。來看兩個例子:something that you say when something happens that you do not like but which you have to accept because you cannot change it. 有些事我們不得不接受,因為我們無法改變事實,所以就是無奈的意思了。例句:I've got so much work that I can't go away this weekend. Oh well, c'est la vie. 我有很多工作要做,週末我走不開,哎,無奈啊。我坐在天使濱海大道Promenade des Anglais上的餐廳,揣摩著尼斯人的悠閒,點了海鮮盤,喝著白酒,在這個曾隸屬於義大利的土地上,時間彷彿凝結了。餐後,在這個象徵狂放、自由、濃豔、不受拘束的蔚藍天堂中,我盡情享受著陽光,帶著我的筆記本,坐在海灘,用文字試圖記下這一切,努力記下這海的藍和天空的清澈所連成一線的景觀。在這裡,我終於懂了,懂世界之美包含它的外表和內涵:外表的美是短暫的,但內涵的美才能真正永垂不朽,就如尼斯一般。
My Nice Experience時尚民宿Bed and Breakfast- Le Dortoir (http://www.ledortoir.net/en)In Nice, right in the center of all the buzz sits a very tasteful and fabulously designed little place called Le Dortoir. As soon as I walked into my room, I knew I was in B&B heaven. The design was so modern and chic but warm at the same time. I put down everything, got out the wine I just bought and sat at the terrace to feel the cool breeze. I took a long bath in the gorgeous cast-iron tub next to the bed. Everything was designed to details and just enough personal touches to welcome its guests. It’s the perfect start for my Nice adventure.
Le Dortoir是兼具時尚與品味的民宿,每個角落都看得到主人的用心。開放式的浴室讓整個空間更加寬廣,可在外面陽台俯瞰尼斯街景;夜晚,仿古的浴缸正是沉澱心靈的角落。房間設計彷彿置身在五星級飯店,但高級的享受伴隨著的是一般人都付得起的價格。早晨還有主人特別準備的早餐貼心送到房門口;每間房間裡有研磨咖啡機,濃郁的咖啡香配上法式可頌,尼斯的一天正要開始。lBuzz原是形容一種聲音,在這可形容成「熱鬧」。lChic可譯為"別致",要注意的是它的發音,ch不發原本的音而是發sh的音。
旅遊小知識國外通常會看到以下幾類住宿型態:1.Hotel: 大飯店,如Hilton, Four Seasons, Hyatt.2.Hostel: 青年旅館,是背包客的最愛。3.Motel: 常位於高速公路旁的小型飯店,給開車的旅客停留一晚的地方。在美國公路旁到處可見Motel 6。 4.Inn: 小型飯店,通常價錢比Hotel低,Holiday Inn就是一家眾所皆知的inn。5.Lodge: 小木屋,常位於樹林裡。6.Bed and Breakfast: 民宿,提供早餐但種類沒有hotel多,淡季時房價會調得很平價來吸引顧客。7.Resort: 大型度假村,在許多度假勝地可見。
Kind of foodIn Nice, their cuisine shows a clear inspiration from Spanish, Catalan and Italian traditions, and is strongly based on vegetables, herbs and olive oil. Typical starters are vegetable salad and cheese.lSocca:尼斯的鹹餅,有濃郁的橄欖油香味,在當地到處可見。lPan-bagnat:尼斯三明治,有生菜、蒜醬、番茄、水煮蛋、青蔥、橄欖油醃漬的鮪魚。lPissaladiere:它是一種餡餅,包著洋蔥、鯷魚與黑橄欖。lRatatouille:什錦蔬菜,包括番茄、紅甜椒、茄子、洋蔥、蒜頭。lMesclun:尼斯特產的沙拉,有許多當地產的蔬菜,如蒲公英的莖、菊苣、馬齒莧和山蘿蔔。lTripes a la nicoise:牛或豬肚淋上用番茄熬煮的醬汁。lSoupe au pistou:一種用馬鈴薯和不同蔬菜去燉煮的湯。
Where to grab foodThe sunny boulevards of Nice are lined with exceptional restaurants for different tastes and budgets. Promenade de Anglais is home to some of the most prestigious cuisine in the city, all featuring a wonderful view of the sea. In the Old Town, you’ll find a mix of pubs and bars.
尼斯的美食混合著地中海的特色,從路邊的小攤販到餐廳林立的天使濱海大道,再到老城區裡的酒吧,都可以嗅到橄欖加上香料的香氣,無論是在cafe裡吃著mesclun沙拉或在高級飯店品嘗米其林三星的料理,都是人生一大享受。
Tip for eating in NiceThere's a rule to keep in mind when you’re eating in Nice. Bread is seen in all meals there. Biting on a whole piece of bread might raise a number of eyebrows. Locals usually tear it into small pieces with their hands and then only eat the bits.
在法國,有一個很重要的餐桌禮儀不可不知:因為餐餐都附有麵包,吃麵包時很重要的一點就是不要整塊拿起來啃食,那樣在當地人的眼裡看起來是一件非常不禮貌的事,在當地,應該是要把麵包撕成小塊,再放進嘴裡。歡迎訂閱世界公民weekly電子報:請點此訂閱
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以下是社交場合可能引起尷尬的七句話,看看自己有沒有犯這類錯。(1)You've put on weight.
評論人的體重很不禮貌,而類似You're getting fat. 會讓老覺得粗魯且侮辱人。(2)Oh you're pregnant!
假如不明顯,不必刻意提起。說錯反而尷尬。(3)Is this your daughter?
如果她恰巧是他的女朋友怎麼辦呢?避免對對方關係的任何猜測,而是等待對方介紹,或是大膽的介紹自己。(4)That color doesn't suit you.
品頭論足令人討厭。讚賞你喜歡的一件衣服或飾品才會讓人愉快。(5)How much money do you make?
談論錢或薪水都是不和時宜的。(6)You look sick.
太直接可能會變成侮辱。如果某人的確看起來不太健康,你可以問:Are you feeling ok? (7)How old are you?
年齡是敏感話題除非你是和小孩談話。
社交場合說什麼好呢?英國流行的一句諺語,If you can't say anything nice, don't say anything at all. 不是好話就不要說!說好話就對了!
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